Buried in the fine print of an article in Wikipedia, I found some rather disturbing information.
A number of releasing agents, notably many of those derived from amphetamine (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Amphetamine), have been found to be neurotoxic (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Neurotoxic) to serotonin (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Serotonin) and/or dopamine (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Dopamine)neurons (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Neurons) via damage to axons (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Axon) and dendrites (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Dendrite), enzymes (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Enzyme), mitochondria (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Mitochondria), DNA (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/DNA), plasmalemmal (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein) and vesicular transporters (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Vesicular_transport_protein), and the cell membrane (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Cell_membrane), ultimately causing cell death (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Cell_death) or apoptosis (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Apoptosis) as a result. Examples include amphetamine, methamphetamine (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Methamphetamine), MDMA (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Methylenedioxymethamphetamine), fenfluramine (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Fenfluramine), and PCA (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Parachloroamphetamine), among others.
What this says essentially is that amphetamines can damage neurons and cause cell death. But the piperidine compounds aren’t as toxic – that’s Ritalin, Concerta and Daytrana:
In contrast, piperazine (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Piperazine), aminoindane (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Indane), and oxazoline (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Oxazoline) releasing agents, as well as those from various other chemical families (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Chemical_family), are considered to be either fully nontoxic (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Toxicity), or significantly less toxic (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Toxicity) in comparison.
Methylphenidate belongs to the piperidine (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Piperidine) class of compounds and increases the levels of dopamine (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Dopamine) and norepinephrine (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Norepinephrine) in the brain through reuptake inhibition (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor) of the monoamine transporters (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Monoamine_transporter). It also increases the release of dopamine and norepinephrine. MPH possesses structural similarities to amphetamine (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Amphetamine), and, though it is less potent, its pharmacological effects are even more closely related to those of cocaine (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Cocaine).[1] (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Methylphenidate#cite_note-0)[2] (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Methylphenidate#cite_note-1)[3] (http://en NULL.wikipedia NULL.org/wiki/Methylphenidate#cite_note-2)
I’ve written here previously about Dr. Tracy Ware’s assertion that amphetamines aren’t such a good choice for our ADD brains, even if they do help our focus and concentration. And that Ritalin (methyphenadate) isn’t quite so bad. This article supports her opinion.
Darn it. Just when we found something that would at least wake up our brains a little, allow us to focus, the ultimate effect is negative. I sure don’t want cell death in my neurons. I think it’s back to caffeine for me. But in small doses so my heart doesn’t go pitty-pat in ways it shouldn’t. (sigh) Don’t you wish this was easier?
supposed to help attention and focus. Normally the price for 150 tablets is about $50 in drugstores but at Costco this month the price is $18 and some change. AND with a Costco coupon, you save an additional $4 per bottle! That means you can buy three bottles for less than the price of ONE bottle retail.
until Wednesday when I took it on a spin with a long-time client. As we talked, my Pulse recorded everything we both said AND it recorded the notes I took, too. With a camera. Under the pen “nib.” Really?